Tuesday, 16 August 2022

Privacy Policy

Privacy Policy for Unique Geofacts

At Unique Geofacts, accessible from https://uniquegeofacts.blogspot.com/, one of our main priorities is the privacy of our visitors. This Privacy Policy document contains types of information that is collected and recorded by Unique Geofacts and how we use it.

If you have additional questions or require more information about our Privacy Policy, do not hesitate to contact us.

Log Files

Unique Geofacts follows a standard procedure of using log files. These files log visitors when they visit websites. All hosting companies do this and a part of hosting services' analytics. The information collected by log files include internet protocol (IP) addresses, browser type, Internet Service Provider (ISP), date and time stamp, referring/exit pages, and possibly the number of clicks. These are not linked to any information that is personally identifiable. The purpose of the information is for analyzing trends, administering the site, tracking users' movement on the website, and gathering demographic information. Our Privacy Policy was created with the help of the Privacy Policy Generator.

Cookies and Web Beacons

Like any other website, Unique Geofacts uses 'cookies'. These cookies are used to store information including visitors' preferences, and the pages on the website that the visitor accessed or visited. The information is used to optimize the users' experience by customizing our web page content based on visitors' browser type and/or other information.

Google DoubleClick DART Cookie

Google is one of a third-party vendor on our site. It also uses cookies, known as DART cookies, to serve ads to our site visitors based upon their visit to www.website.com and other sites on the internet. However, visitors may choose to decline the use of DART cookies by visiting the Google ad and content network Privacy Policy at the following URL – https://policies.google.com/technologies/ads

Our Advertising Partners

Some of advertisers on our site may use cookies and web beacons. Our advertising partners are listed below. Each of our advertising partners has their own Privacy Policy for their policies on user data. For easier access, we hyperlinked to their Privacy Policies below.

Privacy Policies

You may consult this list to find the Privacy Policy for each of the advertising partners of Unique Geofacts.

Third-party ad servers or ad networks uses technologies like cookies, JavaScript, or Web Beacons that are used in their respective advertisements and links that appear on Unique Geofacts, which are sent directly to users' browser. They automatically receive your IP address when this occurs. These technologies are used to measure the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns and/or to personalize the advertising content that you see on websites that you visit.

Note that Unique Geofacts has no access to or control over these cookies that are used by third-party advertisers.

Third Party Privacy Policies

Unique Geofacts's Privacy Policy does not apply to other advertisers or websites. Thus, we are advising you to consult the respective Privacy Policies of these third-party ad servers for more detailed information. It may include their practices and instructions about how to opt-out of certain options.

You can choose to disable cookies through your individual browser options. To know more detailed information about cookie management with specific web browsers, it can be found at the browsers' respective websites.

Children's Information

Another part of our priority is adding protection for children while using the internet. We encourage parents and guardians to observe, participate in, and/or monitor and guide their online activity.

Unique Geofacts does not knowingly collect any Personal Identifiable Information from children under the age of 13. If you think that your child provided this kind of information on our website, we strongly encourage you to contact us immediately and we will do our best efforts to promptly remove such information from our records.

Online Privacy Policy Only

This Privacy Policy applies only to our online activities and is valid for visitors to our website with regards to the information that they shared and/or collect in Unique Geofacts. This policy is not applicable to any information collected offline or via channels other than this website.

Consent

By using our website, you hereby consent to our Privacy Policy and agree to its Terms and Conditions.

Disclaimer

Disclaimer for Unique Geofacts

If you require any more information or have any questions about our site's disclaimer, please feel free to contact us by email at uniquegeofacts001@gmail.com. Our Disclaimer was generated with the help of the Disclaimer Generator website.

Disclaimers for Unique Geofacts

All the information on this website - https://uniquegeofacts.blogspot.com/ - is published in good faith and for general information purpose only. Unique Geofacts does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information. Any action you take upon the information you find on this website (Unique Geofacts), is strictly at your own risk. Unique Geofacts will not be liable for any losses and/or damages in connection with the use of our website.

From our website, you can visit other websites by following hyperlinks to such external sites. While we strive to provide only quality links to useful and ethical websites, we have no control over the content and nature of these sites. These links to other websites do not imply a recommendation for all the content found on these sites. Site owners and content may change without notice and may occur before we have the opportunity to remove a link which may have gone 'bad'.

Please be also aware that when you leave our website, other sites may have different privacy policies and terms which are beyond our control. Please be sure to check the Privacy Policies of these sites as well as their "Terms of Service" before engaging in any business or uploading any information.

Consent

By using our website, you hereby consent to our disclaimer and agree to its terms.

Update

Should we update, amend or make any changes to this document, those changes will be prominently posted here.

Terms and Conditions

Terms and Conditions

Welcome to Unique Geofacts!

These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of Unique Geofacts's Website, located at https://uniquegeofacts.blogspot.com/.

By accessing this website we assume you accept these terms and conditions. Do not continue to use Unique Geofacts if you do not agree to take all of the terms and conditions stated on this page.

The following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement and Disclaimer Notice and all Agreements: "Client", "You" and "Your" refers to you, the person log on this website and compliant to the Company’s terms and conditions. "The Company", "Ourselves", "We", "Our" and "Us", refers to our Company. "Party", "Parties", or "Us", refers to both the Client and ourselves. All terms refer to the offer, acceptance and consideration of payment necessary to undertake the process of our assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services, in accordance with and subject to, prevailing law of Netherlands. Any use of the above terminology or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable and therefore as referring to same.

Cookies

We employ the use of cookies. By accessing Unique Geofacts, you agreed to use cookies in agreement with the Unique Geofacts's Privacy Policy.

Most interactive websites use cookies to let us retrieve the user’s details for each visit. Cookies are used by our website to enable the functionality of certain areas to make it easier for people visiting our website. Some of our affiliate/advertising partners may also use cookies.

License

Unless otherwise stated, Unique Geofacts and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all material on Unique Geofacts. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may access this from Unique Geofacts for your own personal use subjected to restrictions set in these terms and conditions.

You must not:

  • Republish material from Unique Geofacts
  • Sell, rent or sub-license material from Unique Geofacts
  • Reproduce, duplicate or copy material from Unique Geofacts
  • Redistribute content from Unique Geofacts

This Agreement shall begin on the date hereof. >Our Terms and Conditions were created with the help of the Terms Conditions Generator.

Parts of this website offer an opportunity for users to post and exchange opinions and information in certain areas of the website. Unique Geofacts does not filter, edit, publish or review Comments prior to their presence on the website. Comments do not reflect the views and opinions of Unique Geofacts,its agents and/or affiliates. Comments reflect the views and opinions of the person who post their views and opinions. To the extent permitted by applicable laws, Unique Geofacts shall not be liable for the Comments or for any liability, damages or expenses caused and/or suffered as a result of any use of and/or posting of and/or appearance of the Comments on this website.

Unique Geofacts reserves the right to monitor all Comments and to remove any Comments which can be considered inappropriate, offensive or causes breach of these Terms and Conditions.

You warrant and represent that:

  • You are entitled to post the Comments on our website and have all necessary licenses and consents to do so;
  • The Comments do not invade any intellectual property right, including without limitation copyright, patent or trademark of any third party;
  • The Comments do not contain any defamatory, libelous, offensive, indecent or otherwise unlawful material which is an invasion of privacy
  • The Comments will not be used to solicit or promote business or custom or present commercial activities or unlawful activity.

You hereby grant Unique Geofacts a non-exclusive license to use, reproduce, edit and authorize others to use, reproduce and edit any of your Comments in any and all forms, formats or media.

Hyperlinking to our Content

The following organizations may link to our Website without prior written approval:

  • Government agencies;
  • Search engines;
  • News organizations;
  • Online directory distributors may link to our Website in the same manner as they hyperlink to the Websites of other listed businesses; and
  • System wide Accredited Businesses except soliciting non-profit organizations, charity shopping malls, and charity fundraising groups which may not hyperlink to our Web site.

These organizations may link to our home page, to publications or to other Website information so long as the link: (a) is not in any way deceptive; (b) does not falsely imply sponsorship, endorsement or approval of the linking party and its products and/or services; and (c) fits within the context of the linking party’s site.

We may consider and approve other link requests from the following types of organizations:

  • commonly-known consumer and/or business information sources;
  • dot.com community sites;
  • associations or other groups representing charities;
  • online directory distributors;
  • internet portals;
  • accounting, law and consulting firms; and
  • educational institutions and trade associations.

We will approve link requests from these organizations if we decide that: (a) the link would not make us look unfavorably to ourselves or to our accredited businesses; (b) the organization does not have any negative records with us; (c) the benefit to us from the visibility of the hyperlink compensates the absence of Unique Geofacts; and (d) the link is in the context of general resource information.

These organizations may link to our home page so long as the link: (a) is not in any way deceptive; (b) does not falsely imply sponsorship, endorsement or approval of the linking party and its products or services; and (c) fits within the context of the linking party’s site.

If you are one of the organizations listed in paragraph 2 above and are interested in linking to our website, you must inform us by sending an e-mail to Unique Geofacts. Please include your name, your organization name, contact information as well as the URL of your site, a list of any URLs from which you intend to link to our Website, and a list of the URLs on our site to which you would like to link. Wait 2-3 weeks for a response.

Approved organizations may hyperlink to our Website as follows:

  • By use of our corporate name; or
  • By use of the uniform resource locator being linked to; or
  • By use of any other description of our Website being linked to that makes sense within the context and format of content on the linking party’s site.

No use of Unique Geofacts's logo or other artwork will be allowed for linking absent a trademark license agreement.

iFrames

Without prior approval and written permission, you may not create frames around our Webpages that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our Website.

Content Liability

We shall not be hold responsible for any content that appears on your Website. You agree to protect and defend us against all claims that is rising on your Website. No link(s) should appear on any Website that may be interpreted as libelous, obscene or criminal, or which infringes, otherwise violates, or advocates the infringement or other violation of, any third party rights.

Your Privacy

Please read Privacy Policy

Reservation of Rights

We reserve the right to request that you remove all links or any particular link to our Website. You approve to immediately remove all links to our Website upon request. We also reserve the right to amen these terms and conditions and it’s linking policy at any time. By continuously linking to our Website, you agree to be bound to and follow these linking terms and conditions.

Removal of links from our website

If you find any link on our Website that is offensive for any reason, you are free to contact and inform us any moment. We will consider requests to remove links but we are not obligated to or so or to respond to you directly.

We do not ensure that the information on this website is correct, we do not warrant its completeness or accuracy; nor do we promise to ensure that the website remains available or that the material on the website is kept up to date.

Disclaimer

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, we exclude all representations, warranties and conditions relating to our website and the use of this website. Nothing in this disclaimer will:

  • limit or exclude our or your liability for death or personal injury;
  • limit or exclude our or your liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation;
  • limit any of our or your liabilities in any way that is not permitted under applicable law; or
  • exclude any of our or your liabilities that may not be excluded under applicable law.

The limitations and prohibitions of liability set in this Section and elsewhere in this disclaimer: (a) are subject to the preceding paragraph; and (b) govern all liabilities arising under the disclaimer, including liabilities arising in contract, in tort and for breach of statutory duty.

As long as the website and the information and services on the website are provided free of charge, we will not be liable for any loss or damage of any nature.

Contact us

 Email: Uniquegeofacts001@gmail.com

IG: @Unique_Geofacts

Saturday, 13 August 2022

Say Hello! to Zealandia: the undiscovered eighth continent

 

ZEALANDIA: The undiscovered eighth continent of the Earth

by Rahul (narayan) Thapa 

Zealandia 
Credit: GSA Today

Today, I thought of a fascinating topic- the Zealandia- also known as Te Riu-a-Maui (Māori) or Tasmantis. It is Earth’s undiscovered eighth continent, which is facing a tough battle to become the eighth continent of that world.

Without further ado, let’s get started!

Readers, 

The hidden continent -Zealandia- made headlines in 2017 after a research paper with the working title Zealandia: Earth's Hidden Continent was published by GSA Today in its Volume 27 issue 3 (2017). However, even after four years of its scientific discovery, it has yet to receive worldwide recognition as a new continent. On the other side, by most standards, there is a total of seven continents at present-  Australia/Oceania, Asia,  Africa, and North America and South America, Europe, Antarctica, Figure 1 illustrates the world Map and continents, and Table 1 represents the total areas of each continent in sq. miles. 

What was the GSA Today overview on Zealandia?

Recently in the year 2020, the Geological Society of America (GSA) stated that "Recent seafloor drilling has shown that dramatic elevation changes occurred between approximately 50 - 35 million years ago on the "hidden continent" of Zealandia, is a region of continental crust twice the size of - India - submerged beneath the SW Pacific Ocean. The infamous - Ring of Fire - in the western Pacific may have formed as a result of widespread reactivation of ancient faults, according to new research from this expedition that was just published in Geology."

In general, it is a landmass that is nearly entirely covered by the South Pacific Ocean. Only 4% of Zealandia rises above mean sea level, including New Zealand, and the remaining 96% of the landmass, or 5 million square kilometers, is underwater in the South Pacific, and "New Zealand" is the only largest part of the continent - Zealandia that is above sea level, followed on the North by New Caledonia.


Figure 1: World map with continents
Table1: Name and Area of all the continents of the world.
Sr.No.
Name of the Continents
Total Area (in Sq.kms)
1
Asia 
44,127,508
2
Africa 
298,34,614
3
N. America 
24,243,886
4
S. America
17,741,013
5
Antarctica
12,610,490
6
Europe
9,996,090
7
Australia 
7,617,930
#8
Zealandia
4,920,000

Figures 2 (a), illustrate the "Spatial limit of Zealandia" and  Figure 2 (b) represents the area covered by the Continent of Zealandia. Therefore. through these Maps, it is confirmed that Zealandia is entirely situated in the southern hemisphere and surrounds New Zealand.
 
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Q1: Who is the creator of the concept of Zealandia?
 
Zealandia was given its name and general outline by Bruce Luyendyk in 1995. Other names for it include Tasmantis and Kiwi Land. The word Zealandia first appears in the book published in 1857 by Charles Hursthouse with the title New Zealand, or Zealandia: The Britan of the South Seas. 

Wanna buy this book? just click on the - Amazon - It is already hyperlinked thanks to my efforts :D 
Figure 2(b): Area covered by the continent of Zealandia
Source: GNS Science 
 

Geology - Zealandia

In terms of geological time, the Zealandia continental crust submerged after severing ties with Australia 60–85 million years ago. At the time of its separation from Antarctica and Australia 80–130 million years ago, Zealandia made up 5% of the total area of Gondwanaland. Zealandia is currently acknowledged as the youngest, thinnest, and most submerged of all the continents. However, a study published in 2021 suggests that Zealandia may be up to 1 billion years old—roughly twice as old as geologists had previously believed.

The continent of Zealandia is made up of a wide variety of rocks, including limestone, granite, quartzite, schist, and siliceous continental rock. Its total area is roughly (4,920,000 square kilometers), which is the same size as our country, India (3,287,263 sq. km) However, unlike other continents, Zealandia is 94% submerged under the South Pacific Ocean and has much deeper and wider continental shelves. It is primarily made up of two nearly parallel ridges that are separated by a rift, which is where the continent's rift breakup stops and turns into a filled Graben Fault.
 
Friends, Understanding the million and billion years is tedious right?

Of course, it will be tedious because we can hardly fathom the geological timescale of the Earth. due to the fact that a human's lifespan is so brief compared to the duration of the Earth. The Earth works for millions and hundreds of thousands of years, whereas we humans only work for minutes, hours, days, and years. Therefore, for clear communication, Time is divided into eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages by geologists (from longest to shortest). So, when it comes to the geologic timescale, timing is everything.
But remembering all of the aeons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages is incredibly difficult for all. 
However, there is a simple way to understand the geologic time scale also referred to as the 'Calendar" for events in Earth's History. In this regard, the Geological "Clock" is one of the best ways to visualize the Geoglocial timescale. 
 
Note: 
  • ‘Ka’ =  ‘Kya’ (thousand),= 1,000 years ago
  • ‘Ma’ = ‘Mya’ (million) =,1,000,000 years ago
  • ‘Ga’ = ‘Gya’ (billion) =,1,000,000,000 years ago
Ok, let's do some Math!
 "Each year has 365 days, right? so each day in the Geological clock represents 12.6 Mya ( 4.6 billion years /365 days). Each day has 24 hours, therefore, one hour represents 525,114 of the "Geological Year" [(4.6 billion years  / (365 * 24)]."

Figure 3 Pie chart representing the Geological Clock

This analogy might help you put the age of the Earth into perspective. 

"If you consider the entire history of Earth to have occurred in a single day, the pie chart above represents a 24-hour clock. At twelve o'clock in the morning, the Earth is formed, and over the next few hours, it cools from a molten state. As the asteroid bombardment decreases, oceans begin to form. Before 4:00 am, extremely primitive single-celled life first appears, followed by photosynthetic organisms before 6:00 am. The atmosphere starts to become oxygen-rich just before noon. The single-celled eukaryotes have arrived by 1:00 pm (13:00 h). The first multicellular forms appear by 5:00 pm (17:00 h). It takes until after 8:00 p.m. before the first aquatic animals make an appearance. At 9:30 pm, plants begin to colonize the land; at 10:00 pm, animals do the same. For about an hour, from 10:40 to 11:40, the Dinos were the party's main attraction. At two minutes to midnight, the earliest hominids broke away from the rest, and at the stroke of midnight, modern humans appear."

Interesting Facts about Zealandia!


Q1: What is the highest point in Zealandia?
 Mount Cook-Aoraki at 3724m will remain the highest point of the Zealandia continent.

Q2: What is the Crustal thickness of Zealandia? 
In contrast to the typical thickness of the oceanic crust, which is 7 km, Zealandia's continental crust ranges in thickness from 30 to 46 km.

Q3: Zealandia is separated from Australia by which trough?
Geographically, Zealandia is divided from Australia by the CATO TROUGH, which is 3600 metres deep and covered in oceanic crust.

Note: 
 
"As far as the number of continents is concerned many geologists of the world counts Europe & Asia as one giant continent called EURASIA so sadly the new addition of Zealandia doesn't seem to change the official number of the geological continent of the Earth."
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Q5: What was JODIES RESOLUTION?

Figure 4 shows the sailing picture of Jodies Resolution, a  research expedition to explore Zealandia conducted in Sep 2017 by scientists connected to the IODP (International Ocean Discovery Programme) aboard the research ship JOIDES RESOLUTION. Different samples of sediments and rocks that were lying beneath the seabed were found by this drillship J.R. It also covered topics like plate tectonics, geology, extreme climates, and life on the ocean floor. Jerry Dickens, a co-chief scientist from Rice University in Texas, said that this area was crucial for examining global climate change. They added that it was a "Distinct geological entity" that "met all the requirements applied to Eath's other continents, i.e. Elevation, Distinctive Geology, Well defined area, and Crustal thickness."

Furthermore, in support of the aforementioned assertion, geologists from New Zealand, and Australia came to "the conclusion that Zealandia meets all criteria for being classified as a continent rather than a microcontinent."

Figure 4: Sailing picture of JODIES RESOLUTION

The NSF Director, Jamie Allan, stated that the expedition provided insights into Earth's geological history, including the process of mountain-building in New Zealand, shifting tectonic plate movement, changes in ocean circulation, and changes in global climate.
According to Professor Rupert Sutherland of Victoria University in New Zealand, the expedition found "Big Geographic Changes."

Q6: Is Zealandia truly a continent?

Yes!
According to the US NSF (national science foundation), Zealandia was confirmed as a continent in 2017.

With a total area of about 4,900,000 km2, Zealandia is in fact substantially larger than any features referred to as microcontinents and continental fragments (1,900,000 sq mi). If Zealandia were to be considered a microcontinent, it would be the largest one ever created. Its size is six times greater than Madagascar, the second largest microcontinent in the world, and more than half that of the Australian continent.

Q7: What are the Criteria for becoming the new continent?

1-It must have Elevation above the surrounding area,
2- also distinctive geology with a well-defined area,
4-The Crust must be thicker approx (20km) than found in Oceanic plates.
5-In comparison to the ocean floor, the crust on land must be thicker.
6-In order to be considered a continent rather than a microcontinent or continental fragment, it must have "Well defined limits around a large enough area."


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Privacy Policy

Privacy Policy for Unique Geofacts At Unique Geofacts, accessible from https://uniquegeofacts.blogspot.com/, one of our main pr...